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IoT consulting for connected products: foundation first, then features.

Vendor-neutral IoT consulting for manufacturers of connected products, from the industrial engine through the vehicle to the device in the home, and for investors. New product, platform migration or redesign: it starts with who owns the fleet, how a fix reaches every device, and what happens when the cloud, the module or the network reaches end of life before the product does.

A device in layers, the top one crackedPricing and operating modelTechnology
  1. Pricing and operating model
  2. Technology
Technology alone has never made a business.Illustration · AI-generated
Situations

From a new product to a platform migration.

IoT across the whole spectrum: industry and machinery, vehicles, energy, smart home and smart building, healthcare. For manufacturers of connected products, for investors and for companies that sell an IoT platform themselves. Behind the manufacturers’ situations sit the same six decisions, shown in the next section.

  • A new product or the next generation

    The six decisions are taken before the first device ships, and again with every new generation.

    EntryArchitecture and platform audit

  • Moving off the current IoT platform

    The vendor discontinues it, the costs rise or the platform no longer fits the product. The migration has to go out through the old platform while it still runs, including to devices that stay offline for months.

    EntryAudit, then platform migration with client-side representation

  • A redesign is due

    A module is discontinued, a network switched off, the architecture cannot deliver signed updates or keep a CRA support period, or it no longer scales.

    EntryAudit, then strategy mandate

  • The Cyber Resilience Act for products in the field

    Since 11 September 2026 the reporting obligation applies to products already sold as well, from December 2027 the whole CRA. Behind it sit product decisions: what a support period costs, what happens when bought-in components reach end of life first, and which evidence suppliers and the platform have to deliver. Add an inventory of the devices and their components, and someone responsible for reporting.

    EntryAudit or interim ownership of the fleet

  • It works technically, not commercially

    The product works, but the pricing and operating model does not cover running it, or nobody earns from it after the sale.

    EntryStrategy mandate

  • An investor examines an IoT company

    Due diligence down to the firmware: update path, chain of trust, end dates in the stack and what the fleet in the field costs.

    EntryAudit as tech DD

You sell an IoT platform

Then it is about go-to-market, sales, product management, use cases and the business model. I took an IoT platform from internal tooling to third-party revenue in the low double-digit millions of euros and sold it to manufacturers across industries.

EntryGo-to-market audit, strategy mandate or Interim Head of Sales or GTM · to the go-to-market page

The foundation of connected products

Six decisions before the first device ships.

A connected product stays in the field for many years, industrial equipment for ten to twenty, and the CRA requires security updates for a support period of at least five, shorter only where the product is expected to be in use for less. What is not decided at launch is paid for later, in service calls, recalls and migrations. A platform migration or a redesign means taking the same six decisions again, this time with a fleet in the field.

  • OwnershipWho owns the whole path from the build server to the device in the field, with a budget for a migration?
  • Update pathDoes a fix reach every device generation, in stages and with a rollback path, including the device that was offline for a week?
  • Chain of trustWho signs, with which key, where is it kept, and what happens when it has to be revoked?
  • Lifetime and exitWhich support period is stated at the sale, and what happens when the cloud, the module or the network reaches end of life first?
  • Data and asset semanticsWho may use which device data, and in which model does it sit, so that analytics and later agents can understand it?
  • Operations and business modelWho pays for running it over its whole life, and what does the product earn after the sale?

The obligations belong inside these decisions: the Cyber Resilience Act in the update path, the chain of trust and the support period, the Data Act in data access, UNECE R155 and R156 for vehicles. The deadlines are in the questions below. In full: why OTA stops being optional and ten checks for an IoT stack under the CRA. The same questions come up one level higher with AI agents: the Agentic Operating Model.

The evidence

How I know this.

Over 4 million
vehicles · FOTA

Business Owner at Bosch.IO, responsible for the customer, a global automotive manufacturer: updates to vehicles in the field.

Over 1 million
households and industrial engines

OSGi gateways in over a million households and a million connected industrial engines. Connected products in the field, operated over years.

Since 2001
in standards bodies

In the OSGi Alliance since 2001. Four of those years on the board, four on the Steering Committee of the OSGi Working Group at the Eclipse Foundation, plus co-chair of the OTA SIG at the Industrial Internet Consortium.

My writing on this
What others say
Offering 02 · IoT

Connected products that hold up for years.

Since 2001 I have worked on the vendor side of device software and IoT platforms, and in a carmaker’s FOTA programme I was the Business Owner responsible for the customer.

No referral fee, no revenue share, no reseller margin from any vendor I recommend to you.

Written into the contract, platform selection included. No company I advise on go-to-market goes onto a longlist. Where that overlaps, I disclose it and step out of the selection.

Three formats, each with a result.

The next step is always optional.
  1. Architecture and platform audit

    Entry · 4 weeks · fixed fee
    What it isThe six decisions for one product or fleet, before launch, before a platform migration or before a redesign: the current state per decision, end dates across the whole stack, requirements under the CRA and the Data Act. For investors, the same questions put to a target company, firmware and OTA included.
    ResultA written memo with the current state per decision, a timeline of end dates and a 12-month roadmap; optionally a briefing for the board or investors.
  2. Strategy mandate — connected products

    6–12 weeks
    What it isFrom the customer problem to the business model, and in a redesign to the new architecture: use cases, who pays for operations, pricing and operating model, requirements for engineering, a phased plan.
    ResultA roadmap with a cost envelope that the board and engineering commit to.
  3. Interim ownership of the fleet

    Interim · 3–9 months
    What it isI take over the path from the build server to the field, and in a platform migration the migration too: inventory, end dates across the stack, customer commitments and campaigns, with authority over the device and platform teams.
    ResultA named person in your company takes over the role with a budget, after a documented handover; then the mandate ends.
Option: platform selection and migration with client-side representation. Specification, selection and sign-off of an IoT or OTA platform, measured against the six decisions; for a migration with a migration plan and a rollback path for devices that stay offline for long periods. I never bid on the build.
All formats and terms
Industry & machineryAutomotive & mobilityEnergySmart home & buildingHealthcareIoT platformsInvestors
From IoT to AI

The road to AI runs through the foundation.

An agent is only as good as the context it can reach. In connected products, that means data with meaning, models that travel the same update path as the firmware, and interfaces through which an agent may read equipment and may act only where that has been agreed.

  1. 1

    Data with meaning

    Without an information model, even a language model reads nothing but numbers.

  2. 2

    Models at the edge

    AI models are the third update layer next to firmware and applications. Every retraining is an update and is signed like the firmware.

  3. 3

    Agents that act

    The first industrial interfaces ship MCP servers through which a language model can read plant data and call functions, for OPC UA and AWS IoT SiteWise among them. Before an agent makes use of that, it needs an operating model: who owns it, what it may read and what it may trigger.

The operating model for agents · Where you stand on the Agentic Curve: AI readiness check · Model lifecycle at the edge

What people usually ask.

What do the CRA and the Data Act change for our connected product?

Since 11 September 2026 you have to report actively exploited vulnerabilities and severe security incidents, including for products already in the field (CRA, Articles 14 and 69(3)). For every device placed on the market from 11 December 2027 the CRA applies in full: security updates over a support period of at least five years, shorter only where the product is expected to be in use for less, with its end stated at the sale. A connected product placed on the market after 12 September 2026 also has to be designed so that its data is accessible to the user by default (Data Act, Article 3). In the audit we prepare every requirement technically so that your legal team can decide it, and map it to one of the six decisions.

Our product is already in the field. Is it too late?

No, but the questions shift. For the installed base it is about which devices an update can reach at all, who signs, and which end dates in the stack are already fixed; for the next generation it is the six decisions before launch. The audit keeps the two apart.

We want to move off our IoT platform. How do we go about it?

First the inventory: which devices and generations are in the field, what the old platform does for them, and which contracts and end dates apply. Then select the new platform against the six decisions, before any contract is signed. The migration itself goes out through the old platform while it still runs, with a rollback path for devices that come back online only months later. I have led such a migration myself.

When is a redesign necessary?

When the architecture no longer meets an obligation or will not outlast an end date: a discontinued module, a switched-off network, updates without a signature and a rollback path, a support period the components cannot deliver, or operating costs that grow with every unit. The audit shows what can still be solved in the installed base and what only the next generation can do.

How do we choose an IoT or OTA platform?

Device side first: functional safety requirements, rollback and recovery constrain the platform choice more than the other way round. Then a specification against the six decisions, and a sign-off by someone who earns nothing from the contract. Ask every vendor where the signing key lives.

We already have an IoT platform. Is this still worth it?

Often precisely then: whether the business model on the platform makes money, and whether you could still switch in three years.

Isn’t this just technology consulting?

I ask the technical questions because they have commercial consequences. I had commercial responsibility for an IoT platform, with a P&L, a team and customers.

How does this relate to agentic AI?

An agent needs what a connected product needs: a person who owns it, a rollback path after every change and an exit when a vendor drops out. Its context comes from the data and the asset semantics of this foundation.

What ties do you still have to Bosch?

None: no non-compete, no ongoing contracts, no commission. What I learned at Bosch stays confidential.

Do you work outside Europe?

EU-wide with a base in Gevelsberg and Athens. Outside Europe selectively, through existing OEM or platform-vendor relationships.

Confidential, no obligation.
Technology

Where a connected product gets locked in for years.

The six decisions are taken in the technology. These are the fields where I ask the questions, as things stand in October 2026.

Edge

A product stays in the field for ten years and more, an LTS release of the edge runtime for about two and a half: Microsoft’s IoT Edge 1.5 LTS ends on 10 November 2026, 1.6 LTS on 14 November 2028. So the runtime gets replaced several times in the field. AWS shut down Greengrass V1 altogether on 7 October 2026.

The questions and where things stand
The questions
  • What has to keep working without the cloud, and for how long?
  • Container runtime or monolithic firmware, and who maintains the runtime for the whole service life?
  • Does inference run on the device, the gateway or in the cloud?
  • Container
  • Greengrass V2
  • IoT Edge 1.6 LTS
  • LiteRT

Device management

Device identity is the hardest thing to retrofit: keys generated in, or injected into, a secure element at the factory, and a PKI that outlives the certificates in the field. Then the radio generation: Telekom plans to switch off 2G in Germany by 30 June 2028.

The questions and where things stand
The questions
  • Where does identity come from, and who runs the PKI, for how long?
  • A standard agent such as LwM2M or USP, or your own?
  • What does decommissioning mean: revoking keys, deleting data, transferring ownership?
  • LwM2M 1.2
  • TR-369 USP
  • TR-069
  • SGP.32 eSIM
  • LTE-M
  • NB-IoT
  • 5G RedCap

Contributed to TR-069 and TR-157 in the Broadband Forum, to UPnP Device Management and to the Home Gateway Initiative.

OTA and FOTA

An update has three layers: firmware and operating system, applications and containers, AI models. Each needs its own signing keys under the same root of trust and its own rollback path. The CRA requires security updates to ship separately from functionality updates where technically feasible (Annex I, Part II, point 2).

The questions and where things stand
The questions
  • A/B or a single copy with recovery, delta or full image?
  • Which waves, which abort thresholds, and who stops a rollout?
  • How are signing keys rotated, and who may release a rollout?
  • RAUC
  • SWUpdate
  • Mender
  • Uptane 2.1
  • Eclipse hawkBit 1.x
  • UNECE R156
  • CRA Annex I
Why OTA stops being optional →

Protocols

The protocol decides who can still talk to your device in ten years. The radio module, the cellular generation and the data model of the messages lock you in hardest. An MQTT broker can be swapped if endpoint and certificate chain can be changed by update and the device uses no vendor extensions such as shadows, twins or jobs. MQTT without an agreed data model is point-to-point integration again.

The questions and where things stand
The questions
  • What does the product speak natively, what goes through a gateway?
  • Certify in an ecosystem such as Matter, OCPP or EEBus, or stay proprietary?
  • What can no longer be changed by OTA later?
  • MQTT 5
  • Sparkplug 3.0
  • CoAP
  • OPC UA
  • Modbus
  • BACnet/SC
  • KNX
  • Matter 1.6
  • Thread
  • OCPP 2.1
  • ISO 15118-20
  • EEBus

Interoperability and semantics

Whether the information model is an OPC UA companion specification, an asset administration shell or your own has to be settled before launch, because the Data Act requires the data by design, together with the metadata needed to understand it (Article 3(1)).

The questions and where things stand
The questions
  • Which information model is the master?
  • How does Data Act access reach the user: on the device, through an API or through a data-space connector?
  • Join a data space now or wait?
  • OPC UA companion specs
  • Asset administration shell (IEC 63278)
  • Eclipse Ditto
  • Matter
  • Catena-X
  • Manufacturing-X
  • Data Act Art. 3

Ecosystems

Platforms end. Google shut down Cloud IoT Core on 16 August 2023, IBM the Watson IoT Platform at the end of 2023, AWS IoT Analytics in December 2025 and IoT Events in May 2026; since 23 September 2026 Microsoft no longer creates new IoT Central applications. Whoever hard-codes devices to one vendor’s endpoint then migrates under time pressure.

The questions and where things stand
The questions
  • Is the exit in the contract: notice period, data export, moving the devices?
  • Can devices be moved to a new endpoint and certificate chain by OTA?
  • Run open source yourself or buy a service?
  • Eclipse IoT
  • Connectivity Standards Alliance
  • IDTA
  • OPC Foundation
  • Broadband Forum
Who controls the interface: IoT and MCP →
Industries

Five industries, each with its own rulebook.

What transfers between them: managing devices at scale, standards, regulation, the running cost of telemetry and who may use the data. What does not transfer is under “What is often missed”.

Industry and machinery

ExperienceFleet-intelligence platform with over a million industrial assets, a Hannover Messe showcase, industrial AI for the upper mid-market.

  • Machinery Regulation
  • CRA
  • Data Act
  • NIS2
  • IEC 62443
  • OPC UA
  • AAS

The challengeControllers in the field with no protection against attack, and three rulebooks on one machine within 15 months: the Data Act’s access-by-design duty since September 2026, the Machinery Regulation from 20 January 2027, the CRA from December 2027.

Use cases and what is often missed
Use cases
  • Remote service and diagnostics
  • Condition monitoring, predictive maintenance
  • Equipment-as-a-Service, Pay-per-Use
  • Machine data and OEE
  • Service and spare parts from field data
  • Field updates and feature unlocks

What is often missedThe Data Act gives the user, whoever owns or leases the machine, the right to the data. Since 12 September 2025, a service business built on “our data” needs a contract with them (Article 4(13)).

Automotive and mobility

ExperienceV2X standardisation in the US VII programme, fleet intelligence, vehicle software lifecycle.

  • UNECE R155
  • UNECE R156
  • ISO/SAE 21434
  • ISO 24089
  • NG eCall
  • Data Act

The challengeFor cars, trucks and buses, every software campaign runs through an audited update management system under UNECE R156, for the vehicle’s whole life. And connectivity changes: NG eCall over 4G and 5G is mandatory for all newly registered cars and light commercial vehicles from 1 January 2027.

Use cases and what is often missed
Use cases
  • FOTA, SOTA
  • Fleet telematics, remote diagnostics
  • Uptime for commercial and off-highway vehicles
  • Features on demand
  • Construction and agri telematics
  • Usage-based models

What is often missedThe CRA exempts only vehicles covered by Regulation (EU) 2019/2144: cars, trucks, buses, trailers and their components. Tractors face it alongside their own type approval; construction machines, harvesters and mounted implements together with the Machinery Regulation.

Energy, smart grid and e-mobility

ExperienceSmart-energy ecosystem with charging integration, energy data management, an architecture for charging infrastructure under the CRA on open source, published as an article.

  • § 14a EnWG
  • Smart meter gateway
  • OCPP 2.1
  • ISO 15118
  • EEBus
  • AFIR
  • NIS2
  • CRA

The challengeControllability is mandatory: new heat pumps, wallboxes and storage above 4.2 kW have had to be controllable under § 14a EnWG since 2024. Publicly accessible charge points also have to meet AFIR, for example card payment at fast chargers from 50 kW commissioned since 13 April 2024.

Use cases and what is often missed
Use cases
  • Grid-serving control, energy management
  • Load management, smart charging
  • Charge point operations and backend via OCPP
  • Virtual power plant, flexibility
  • Remote service for heat pumps and inverters
  • Bidirectional charging

What is often missedOnce a device is controllable, the fleet becomes part of the grid. A faulty update across tens of thousands of wallboxes can become a grid event.

Smart home and smart building

ExperiencePlatform work since ProSyst: OSGi gateways in over a million homes, interoperability, long software life cycles.

  • CRA
  • RED (EN 18031)
  • Matter
  • Thread
  • KNX Secure
  • BACnet/SC

The challengeTwo security regimes in a row: the cybersecurity requirements of the Radio Equipment Directive since 1 August 2025, the CRA from 11 December 2027. It lists smart door locks, security cameras, alarm systems and routers as important products in Class I.

Use cases and what is often missed
Use cases
  • Energy monitoring, building automation
  • Remote HVAC service
  • Access and security
  • Occupancy and space use
  • Gateway platform for an ecosystem
  • Assisted living at home

What is often missedThe device has to stay safe and usable locally when the maker’s cloud or app shuts down. And secure commissioning has to work for the electrician who installs it.

Healthcare and AAL

ExperienceLed EU and internationally funded research projects in ambient assisted living; over-the-air software updates and conformity for connected medical devices.

  • MDR
  • IEC 62304
  • IEC 81001-5-1
  • GDPR
  • EHDS

The challengeThe MDR transition periods end in 2027 and 2028, cybersecurity has to reflect the state of the art, and many personal emergency devices still use 2G.

Use cases and what is often missed
Use cases
  • Emergency response, fall detection
  • Telemonitoring
  • Remote service for connected medical devices
  • Ambient activity sensing
  • Medication adherence
  • Support for care staff

What is often missedThe intended purpose decides the regime: a fall sensor with a medical claim falls under the MDR and outside the CRA, the same sensor sold for wellbeing under the CRA and the Radio Equipment Directive.

Standards I helped shape, not just applied.

Sitting at the table when an open standard is written tells you which ecosystem bets compound — and which become technical debt.

OSGi Alliance
Active since 2001 · Board Member 2016–2020

Over two decades involved with the consortium behind the OSGi standard, four of them on the board — foundational technology for smart-home and connected-vehicle platforms with millions of devices in the field.

Eclipse Foundation
Steering Committee · OSGi Working Group · 2020–2024

Four years on the Steering Committee of the OSGi Working Group at the Eclipse Foundation — guiding the evolution of the OSGi standard after the integration of the OSGi Alliance. Active in Eclipse IoT projects (Kanto, hawkBit, Ditto).

Industrial Internet Consortium
Co-Chair · Over-the-Air (OTA) Special Interest Group · 2018–2020

Two years as co-chair of the OTA SIG: defined OTA use cases and testbeds, chaired member sessions with automotive OEMs.

Let’s have a conversation.

The introductory call is confidential, with no obligation.

kai@kaihackbarth.com +49 176 4515 1099

Let’s have a conversation. The introductory call is confidential, with no obligation.